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07/D – Macrosector – Plant pathology and Enthomology

07/D1: Plant pathology and Enthomology

This SDS deals with general and applied scientific and educational activities pertaining the protection of agricultural and forest plantae and relevant products. More in detail, it deals with plantae pathology: micology and phytopathologic bacteriology, vegetal virology, pathology and physiopathology of agricultural, forest and ornamental plantae and their products, post-harvest pathology of vegetal products, wood pathology; illnesses of plantae and vegetal products (post-harvest included) caused by biotic (viroides, viruses, prokaryotes, fungi, parasite phanerogams) and abiotic factors; Mechanisms of aggression by pathogens, plant resistance to stress, plant-pathogen-environment interactions, Phytopatologic diagnostics, phytoiatry, biologic and integrated protection from illnesses, biological control of pest weeds, phytopathologic epidemiology, phytosanitary regulations, phytopathologic biotechnologies; aspects concerning the contamination of vegetal products and food by micotoxins and agrochemicals traces; General and Applied Entomology, morphology, physiology, ecology, ethology, systematics and biodiversity of arthropods and nematods of agricultural, forest, zootechnical, urban and commodities interest; general and applied entomology, agriculture, forestry, urban, commodity and veterinary medicine, melittology, sericulture, general agricultural and applied zoology, biocenotic interactions, biological and integrated control, agricultural parasitology, biotechnologies applied to arthropods, strategies of struggle and management of harmful species, protection and enhancement of useful species.

05/A - Macrosector – PLANT BIOLOGY

05/A1: BOTANY

This SDS deals with general and applied scientific and educational activities pertaining General, Systematic, Pharmaceutical, Environmental and Applied Botany. General Botany: plantae biology at any level of organization, included autotrophic prokaryotes, algae and fungi and their symbiosis. It studies their reproductive mechanisms, the structural functional organization, and their development, for establishing their mutual relationships and interpret their structure and functions from an evolutionary point of view. It analyzes the ways by which cells and organisms acquire the ability to perform specialized functions; it outlines the relationships between cytological, ultrastructural, histological, anatomical, morphological, organographical and physiological aspects, and the role of secondary metabolites within the features of their developing environment, as well as the molecular bases of plantae development. Moreover, it studies the elaboration and the application of methodologies devoted to the relevant investigations and biotechnological applications. Systematic Botany: it studies the taxonomic and biological diversity of modern and fossil plantae – all the photosynthetic organisms, fungi and relevant symbionts – their evolution and affinity relationships. It operates in floristic survey, analysis of genetic biodiversity, populations and species, recognition of elemental taxa, theory and techniques of classification of the diversity groups, their use for bio-geographic analysis and the diagnostics of forage, officinal and toxic plants. It employs the collection of corological reproduction, population paloeobotanical, palinological, morpho-anatomical histologic, cytologic, cytogenetic, genomic and molecular information. This information is elaborated according to phonetics (including numeric taxonomy), phylogenetic and cladistics criteria. Systematic Botany is also expressed in naturalistic museology (botanic gardens, herbaria), as well as in the history and Education of Botany. Applied and environmental Botany: It studies the distributions and adaptation strategies, use of the resources and relationships with their environment of living prokaryotes, fungi and photosyntetic eukaryiotes. It uses the different approaches of botany, phytogeography, Vegetal Ecology, aerobiology, vegetal and applied Biology and landscape ecology. It studies the phylogenesis and the morpho-functional organization of spontaneous plants of agricultural, forest, veterinary and ethnological interest, the mechanisms by which organisms grow, reproduce and interact, and floristic and vegetal diversity in different environmental conditions. It also deals with the conservation and management of biodiversity (species, communities, ecosystems and landscape), chorology, auto and synecology, classification of vegetals (phytocenology, phytosociology and syndynamics), as well as interactions between the various environmental components even in relation with alterations induced by man. Further areas of interest are nature conservation and management, environmental assessment and environmental education. Pharmaceutical botany: it studies the sources of biologically active substances of pharmaceutical, cosmetic and health interest with specific reference to their identification. It is aimed at the study of the biosynthesis of active principles and phytocomplexes, including the morphological characterization of drugs and their derivatives. Other related fields are: the study of ethno-pharmaco-botanical, toxic plants and biologically active products obtainable from renewable sources, also through biotechnological processes.

05 / A2: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

The SDS is interested in scientific and educational-training activities pertaining the functions and vital mechanisms of plant organisms. Therefore, general aspects such as physiology, morpho-physiology, ecophysiology, biochemistry and plant molecular biology are included in the sector, as well as other more specific ones such as photobiology, bioenergetics, growth regulators, secondary plant metabolism and phytobiology. navy. The sector includes both disciplines that describe the basic mechanisms of plant functioning and disciplines aimed at application aspects, such as the mechanisms underlying the control of productivity and plant biotechnologies.

05/B1: ZOOLOGY E ANTHROPOLOGY

The SDS is interested in scientific and educational-training activities pertaining Zoology: study of protozoa, metazoans, their evolution and biodiversity, at various levels of cellular, organismic, population, species and community organization. The research, both theoretical and experimental, conducted both in the field and in the laboratory, concerns morpho-functional organization, reproduction, morphogenesis and development, internal defense systems, ecophysiology, behavior, intraspecific and interspecific interactions and interactions with the environment, biogeography, systematics and phylogenesis of animals with free and parasitic life through the use of integrated approaches. Zoology is a basic discipline in the field of life sciences, even in reference to general biology, naturalistic museology and environmental education. It has applicative relevance in the field of assessment, conservation and management of animal biodiversity; fisheries, aquaculture, genetic and demographic characterization of populations in relationship to the introduction, reintroduction, repopulation and bioprospecting interventions. The SDS is also interested in scientific and educational activities in the field of Anthropology: study of the evolution, biodiversity and human ecology. The fields of competence of anthropology, intended as the natural history of man, are: the phylogenesis, evolution and ethology of primates; the analysis and systematics of the fossil remains of the human evolutionary line; bioarchaeology, in its osteological, paleodemographic and molecular aspects; the evolution of cultures and subsistence strategies in their naturalistic aspects. The relevant fields for life sciences are: the reconstruction of the history of human population through the study of bioantropological and molecular markers; biodemography; the biodiversity of human populations in relation to adaptation processes; human biology also in applications useful for understanding the different susceptibility to diseases of human populations; the evaluation of anthropometric characteristics and body composition in relation to the life cycle and motor activities. It finds applications in the ergonomic, anthropological-forensic, archaeo-anthropological and museological fields.

05/B2: Comparative Anatomy and Cytology

This SDS is interested in scientific and didactic-training activities for disciplines that represent an integrated set of skills addressing the problem of forms in animal biology, at its various levels of organization and in the dual structural and embryological-evolutionary perspective. From the structural point of view, the fundamental correlations between the molecular, cellular, tissue and organological levels are examined, with the aid of advanced microscopic, cytochemical, immunohistochemical, cariological and cytotoxicological techniques, including the possible applicative aspects of biotechnologies and of modifications due to environmental alterations. From the embryological-evolutionary point of view, the relationships between phylogenesis and morphogenesis are studied, to identify at various levels, even with a comparative approach, the interconnection between structure, function and adaptation, in various processes such as reproduction, development, endocrine and neural integration, immune defense. The sector includes as subjects of comparative anatomy, cell biology, developmental biology and evolutionary biology of vertebrates, animal cytology and histology.

05/D - Macrosector - PHYSIOLOGY

05/D1: PHYSIOLOGY

This SDS is interested in scientific and didactic-training activities in the field of vital functions of animals and man, even in a comparative way. It analyzes how the living organism achieves and maintains its homeostasis at the molecular, cellular and tissue level, in the context of the modifications of the surrounding environment. It studies biophysics, the electrophysiological and functional mechanisms of transport and communication systems in biological membranes, cell motility, as well as the specialized functions of individual cells. From the unity of functional solutions devised by evolution, it formulates general physiological laws. It verifies the validity of these laws in models of the highest complexity by studying, in Man and in other primates, mechanisms and interrelations of all vegetative functions and the general foundations of endocrinology. It evaluates the nutritional characteristics of food, the state of nutrition, energetic needs, the physiological use of nutrients in the diet. It also studies the neurobiological and psychophysiological basis of behavior and cognitive and emotional interactions between the subject and the environment. It analyzes and evaluates the integrated functioning of the various organs and apparatuses during motor and sports activities and in extreme environmental conditions. Finally, it studies the potential applications of this knowledge in the environmental, biotechnological and sports fields, also aimed at human well-being.

05/E1: GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY

This SDS is interested in scientific and didactic-training activities of General Biochemistry. General Biochemistry, as structural biochemistry, studies the properties of the chemical constituents of living matter, the structure and properties of simple and complex glucose and lipid molecules, protein macromolecules, nucleic acids and supramolecular complexes. As dynamic biochemistry, it studies the functions and transformations of chemical constituents, the energy exchanges associated with their transformations, as well as the molecular mechanisms of coordination and regulation of functions. Dynamic biochemistry is essentially identified with metabolism, in its anabolic and catabolic phases, in which the enzymatic catalysis has a primary function, with the intervention of vitamins and hormones. Some topics of structural and dynamic biochemistry, related to proteins and nucleic acids (proteomics, functional genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, bioinformatics and systems biology), are in a situation of contiguity with molecular biology. The study of laboratory and bioinformatics methods for qualitative and quantitative analysis and characterization of structural components is important, for the observation of their modifications, and for the validation of experimental results. The sector is also interested in teaching and the history of biochemistry and its content is suitable for teaching subjects related both to the fundamentals of biochemistry in basic courses and to the more advanced and highly complex disciplines consistent with this declaration.

05/E2: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

This SDS is interested in scientific and didactic-training activities in the field of biological functions at the molecular level of informational macromolecules. The analysis of the biochemical and evolutionary characteristics of nucleic acids, the interactions between nucleic acids and proteins, proteins and proteins and the relationships between the three-dimensional structure of proteins and nucleic acids and the biological functions they perform in all organisms, viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes is of interest to this SDS. Particular attention is paid to the macromolecules that are involved in the conservation, repair, duplication, transcription and translation of the information contained in the nucleic acids, to the macromolecules that are responsible for the control phenomena of gene expression, proliferation, differentiation and cellular transformations, to the macromolecules that allow cellular movement, the interaction between cells, the development of both animal and vegetable multicellular organisms. This SDS includes bioinformatics, computational biology. The aforementioned topics are addressed using on one hand genetic engineering techniques, on the other one biocrystallography, biochemical characterization methods of biological macromolecules and bioinformatics tools.

05 / G - Macrosector - EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES

05 / G1: PHARMACOLOGY, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHARMACOGNOSY

This SDS is interested in scientific and didactic-training activities in the field of the study of drugs and radiopharmaceuticals of synthetic, biosynthetic and biotechnological origin and of pharmacognosy – i.e. the study of plant drugs, intended as vegetal species containing one or more pharmacologically active substances, their extracts and their active components, nutraceuticals and toxicological aspects. It includes descriptive aspects of the aforementioned products and their sources, their actions on the organism (pharmaco-toxicodynamics, from the organosystemic aspects to the mechanistic ones) and the actions of the organism on them (pharmaco-toxic-kinetic in the aspects of absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination), the relationship of individual genetic configuration with responses to specific drugs (pharmacogenomics-pharmacogenetics), aimed at personalized therapies based on individual genetic constitution, variations in employment related to gender and age . Furthermore, the possibility of a relationship with the healthy and sick man in the preclinical pharmacotoxicology phase and in the different phases of clinical pharmacology will be evaluated. It will be essential to understand the possible unfavorable actions, their prevention and treatment, besides the possible contraindications of use, the acceptable exposure levels, the potential of abuse and the possible interactions with other chemical compounds, with foods or with drinks. Specific attention will be paid to drug addiction due to psychoactive substances, to the use of drugs or similar practices aimed at enhancing performance or attaining an advantage in sports activities (doping). The SDS will also have to make aware of the evaluation of the risk / benefit and cost / benefit ratios in the aspects of human use (pharmacoepidemiology, pharmacovigilance and pharmacoeconomics).

05/I1: GENETICS

This SDS studies the modalities of transmission, modification and expression of hereditary characters at the level of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, individuals, and populations. It defines and analyzes the structure of genetic material and its organization levels in microbial, plant and animal systems, including humans. It analyzes the structure and evolution of genes and genomes, also at the computational and bioinformatic level. It contributes to the development and applications of functional genomics methodologies. It studies epigenetic modifications, analyzing their molecular bases, heredity and the consequences at the phenotypic level. It studies the regulation of gene expression and mutagenesis mechanisms. It also deals with the genetic dissection and manipulation of the hereditary material used to understand biological phenomena. It investigates the genetic and molecular basis of evolution, development, immune response, behavior, hereditary diseases and the practical applications of genetics and molecular technologies derived from it, such as genetic engineering and transgenesis in the biomedical, pharmaceutical sectors , agro-food, industrial and environmental.

05/I2: MICROBIOLOGY

This SDS studies the morphology, classification, physiology and interactions of all microorganisms, including viruses, as simple models for the study and understanding of biological processes. Other interests of the SDS are the distribution in nature of microorganisms and the role they play in the environment; the interactions with other organisms and changes induced by the interaction between microorganism and host; the development of cellular and molecular bases of microbial pathogenicity and host defense forms; basic and applied microbiological techniques, also in the biotechnological field.

03/A1: ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

This SDS is interested in scientific and didactic-training activities in the field of development and application of theories, instrumental techniques and methods for compositional determination - qualitative and quantitative - of chemical systems, both natural and synthetic, in the biological and anthropic, environmental sciences, protection of cultural heritage and related sectors, material and forensic sciences as well as nano- and bio-technologies. For these purposes, it develops and applies appropriate mathematical-statistical tools for the optimization of methods and data processing, useful for the interpretation of results. The SDS is also interested in didactic methodologies and in the history of chemistry and its content is suitable for teaching subjects related both to the basic courses and to the more advanced and highly complex disciplines consistent with the present declaration.

05/E2: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

This SDS is interested in scientific and didactic-training activities in the field of the study of carbon compounds, both of natural and synthetic origin, including aminoacids and their polymers, lipids and sugars. It studies: the development of efficient and environmentally friendly synthetic methods, based also on (stereo)selective and catalytic approaches, including organo-bio- and enzyme-catalytic ones, the elucidation of the mechanisms by which organic compounds are formed and transformed both in vitro and in natural and environmental systems, their supramolecular interactions, their structural characterization and the structure-reactivity relationships. It also develops the study of phytochemical aspects and the isolation, structural characterization and synthesis of organic substances of animal, vegetal and marine origin, including bioactive ones. It also deals with the design of synthesis and the creation of new catalysts, biologically active compounds, new organic materials, polymers and bio-polymers, even in view of their possible use. The SDS is also interested in teaching methodologies and the history of chemistry and its content is suitable for specific teaching subjects of the sector itself and related both to the basic courses and to the more advanced and highly complex disciplines consistent with the present declaration.

05/E2: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

This SDS is interested in scientific and didactic-training activities in the field of the study of carbon compounds, both of natural and synthetic origin, including aminoacids and their polymers, lipids and sugars. It studies: the development of efficient and environmentally friendly synthetic methods, based also on (stereo)selective and catalytic approaches, including organo-bio- and enzyme-catalytic ones, the elucidation of the mechanisms by which organic compounds are formed and transformed both in vitro and in natural and environmental systems, their supramolecular interactions, their structural characterization and the structure-reactivity relationships. It also develops the study of phytochemical aspects and the isolation, structural characterization and synthesis of organic substances of animal, vegetal and marine origin, including bioactive ones. It also deals with the design of synthesis and the creation of new catalysts, biologically active compounds, new organic materials, polymers and bio-polymers, even in view of their possible use. The SDS is also interested in teaching methodologies and the history of chemistry and its content is suitable for specific teaching subjects of the sector itself and related both to the basic courses and to the more advanced and highly complex disciplines consistent with the present declaration.

05/E2: GENERAL AND CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

This SDS is interested in scientific and didactic-training activities, as well as in the consistent care activities in the field of general pathology and general pathophysiology; the relevant basic and applied research include molecular medicine and the study of cellular pathology with specific skills in the field of oncology, immunology and immunopathology, and genetic, ultrastructural and molecular pathology. The SDS is also interested in the scientific and educational-training activity, as well as in the care activity consistent with them in the field of Clinical Pathology with particular reference to semiotics and laboratory methodology in cytology, cytopathology, immunohematology and genetic pathology and in the application of cellular and molecular methodologies for diagnostics in human pathology. The SDS has also expertise in biotechnological and diagnostic-clinical aspects of reproductive medicine, sea medicine and sports medicine. Finally, it is interested in the scientific and didactic-formative activity in the field of the History of Medicine, including medical epistemology, scientific medical methodology and bioethics and its implications in clinical and welfare activities, medical pedagogy, medical museology, history of veterinary medicine and paleopathology.