Phytochemical profiling and investigation of antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and antibacterial properties in spontaneously grown Sicilian sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) fruits

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the phytochemical profile and associated functional properties of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) fruits harvested from wild plants in Sicily. Chemical characterization unveiled exceptionally high levels of polyphenols (10.99 g GAE/100 g DW), including substantial quantities of proanthocyanidins (61.577 mg PACE/100 g DW), and identified 82 phytochemicals belonging to various flavonoid classes. The hydroalcoholic extract from Sicilian sumac exhibited remarkable redox-active properties, providing antioxidant protection in a cell-based model of lipid peroxidation (CAA50: 1.116 μg/mL). Additionally, it displayed significant antiproliferative activity against four human tumor epithelial cell lines with GI50 values ranging from 31.08 to 149.74 μg/mL and robust antibacterial activity against major foodborne pathogens (MIC: 12.5–25.0 mg/mL). Our findings highlight Sicilian sumac fruit as a rich source of phytochemicals that positively contribute to the cellular redox state even when consumed in small quantities. Additionally, its diverse bioactivities indicate potential applications across food and non-food sectors.