Decreasing in patch-size of Cystoseira forests reduces the diversity of their associated molluscan assemblage in Mediterranean rocky reefs

Abstract

Canopy-forming seaweeds of the genus Cystoseira (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) form diverse and productive habitats along temperate rocky coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. During the last decade, Cystoseira forests have retracted their range considerably due to many interacting environmental, biological and anthropogenic pressures. We investigated how reducing in patch-size of C. montagnei affects their associated molluscan communities at the shallow northwest rocky shores of Palermo (Sicily, Italy). Molluscs were sampled from the fronds of individual thalli, clumps of 3 and 5 thalli of C. montagnei over an annual vegetative cycle (May–September) in two sites within the Marine Protected Area “Capo Gallo-Isola delle Femmine”. We measured five substrate attributes of the alga (thallus volume, canopy volume, interstitial volume, algal surface, and biomass) and explored their relationships with the diversity of the associated molluscan assemblage. A total of 3756 individuals of molluscs were collected, belonging to 30 families and 57 species, being Rissoidae the most speciose family and Barleeidae the dominant in terms of abundance. The molluscan assemblage on C. montagnei displayed significant spatial and seasonal variations, with the maximum number of individuals and species in summer, whereas evenness and diversity displayed maximum values in spring. The abundance, species richness and diversity of the molluscan assemblage decreased with decreasing in patch-size of C. montagnei, regardless of the vegetative phase of the alga or the sites considered in the study, while evenness showed an opposite trend. The substrate attributes of C. montagnei changed over the vegetative cycle of the alga and showed a similar pattern across sites with values that tended to decrease in autumn during the quiescence phase of the alga. Variation in patch-size of C. montagnei affected also the substrate attributes of the individual alga, with individual thalli becoming smaller with increasing patch-size. The algal surface of a single thallus of C. montagnei ranged on average from 956 cm2 in spring to 289 cm2 in autumn. Furthermore, algal surface together with thallus volume and dry weight were the substrate attributes that explained better the variation of the number of molluscan individuals and species. Overall, our results suggest that the reduction of both patch-size and algal substrate of C. montagnei forests altered the structure and composition of its associated molluscan assemblage. We argue that a reduction or loss of Cystoseira forests could probably trigger bottom-up effects in rocky shores habitats, with consequences for the whole ecosystem structure, functioning and services provided to humans.