Cognitive functioning throughout adulthood and illness stages in individuals with psychotic disorders and their unaffected siblings
- Authors: Velthorst E.; Mollon J.; Murray R.M.; de Haan L.; Germeys I.M.; Glahn D.C.; Arango C.; van der Ven E.; Di Forti M.; Bernardo M.; Guloksuz S.; Delespaul P.; Mezquida G.; Amoretti S.; Bobes J.; Saiz P.A.; Garcia-Portilla M.P.; Santos J.L.; Jimenez-Lopez E.; Sanjuan J.; Aguilar E.J.; Arrojo M.; Carracedo A.; Lopez G.; Gonzalez-Penas J.; Parellada M.; Atbasoglu C.; Saka M.C.; Ucok A.; Alptekin K.; Akdede B.; Binbay T.; Altinyazar V.; Ulas H.; Yalincetin B.; Gumus-Akay G.; Beyaz B.C.; Soygur H.; Cankurtaran E.S.; Kaymak S.U.; Maric N.P.; Mihaljevic M.M.; Petrovic S.A.; Mirjanic T.; Del-Ben C.M.; Ferraro L.; Gayer-Anderson C.; Jones P.B.; Jongsma H.E.; Kirkbride J.B.; La Cascia C.; Lasalvia A.; Tosato S.; Llorca P.-M.; Menezes P.R.; Morgan C.; Quattrone D.; Menchetti M.; Selten J.-P.; Szoke A.; Tarricone I.; Tortelli A.; McGuire P.; Valmaggia L.; Kempton M.J.; van der Gaag M.; Riecher-Rossler A.; Bressan R.A.; Barrantes-Vidal N.; Nelson B.; McGorry P.; Pantelis C.; Krebs M.-O.; Ruhrmann S.; Sachs G.; Rutten B.P.F.; van Os J.; Alizadeh B.Z.; van Amelsvoort T.; Bartels-Velthuis A.A.; Bruggeman R.; van Beveren N.J.; Luykx J.J.; Cahn W.; Simons C.J.P.; Kahn R.S.; Schirmbeck F.; van Winkel R.; Calem M.; Tognin S.; Modinos G.; Pisani S.; Kraan T.C.; van Dam D.S.; Burger N.; Amminger G.P.; Politis A.; Goodall J.; Borgwardt S.; Studerus E.; Gadelha A.; Brietzke E.; Asevedo G.; Asevedo E.; Zugman A.; Dominguez-Martinez T.; Monsonet M.; Cristobal-Narvaez P.; Racioppi A.; Kwapil T.R.; Kazes M.; Daban C.; Bourgin J.; Gay O.; Mam-Lam-Fook C.; Nordholm D.; Rander L.; Krakauer K.; Glenthoj L.B.; Glenthoj B.; Gebhard D.; Arnhold J.; Klosterkotter J.; Lasser I.; Winklbaur B.; Reichenberg A.
- Publication year: 2021
- Type: Articolo in rivista
- OA Link: http://hdl.handle.net/10447/468183
Abstract
Important questions remain about the profile of cognitive impairment in psychotic disorders across adulthood and illness stages. The age-associated profile of familial impairments also remains unclear, as well as the effect of factors, such as symptoms, functioning, and medication. Using cross-sectional data from the EU-GEI and GROUP studies, comprising 8455 participants aged 18 to 65, we examined cognitive functioning across adulthood in patients with psychotic disorders (n = 2883), and their unaffected siblings (n = 2271), compared to controls (n = 3301). An abbreviated WAIS-III measured verbal knowledge, working memory, visuospatial processing, processing speed, and IQ. Patients showed medium to large deficits across all functions (ES range = –0.45 to –0.73, p < 0.001), while siblings showed small deficits on IQ, verbal knowledge, and working memory (ES = –0.14 to –0.33, p < 0.001). Magnitude of impairment was not associated with participant age, such that the size of impairment in older and younger patients did not significantly differ. However, first-episode patients performed worse than prodromal patients (ES range = –0.88 to –0.60, p < 0.001). Adjusting for cannabis use, symptom severity, and global functioning attenuated impairments in siblings, while deficits in patients remained statistically significant, albeit reduced by half (ES range = –0.13 to –0.38, p < 0.01). Antipsychotic medication also accounted for around half of the impairment in patients (ES range = –0.21 to –0.43, p < 0.01). Deficits in verbal knowledge, and working memory may specifically index familial, i.e., shared genetic and/or shared environmental, liability for psychotic disorders. Nevertheless, potentially modifiable illness-related factors account for a significant portion of the cognitive impairment in psychotic disorders.